RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS IN RADISH AND ZUCCHINI IRRIGATED WITH WASTEWATER IN KHAN BELA

Abstract

The use of untreated sewage water for irrigation can facilitate the transfer of heavy metals into edible crops, posing serious risks to human health. This study assessed the accumulation of heavy metals in radish (Raphanus sativus) and zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) cultivated in Khan Bela using sewage water for irrigation.

Vegetable samples were collected from irrigated fields, and the concentrations of major heavy metals—lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni)—were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The findings revealed that both vegetables accumulated detectable levels of heavy metals. Radish exhibited comparatively higher metal uptake, likely due to its root-based growth habit, whereas zucchini showed moderate accumulation in its edible portions.

When compared with international food safety standards, certain metal concentrations exceeded permissible limits, indicating potential health hazards for local consumers. The results emphasize the urgent need for effective monitoring and management of wastewater irrigation practices. Furthermore, this study provides essential baseline data to support risk assessment and the development of sustainable agricultural strategies in the region.