GREEN SYNTHESIS OF METAL-BASED NANOPARTICLES USING MEDICINAL PLANTS: APPLICATIONS IN BIOMEDICINE AND ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION

Abstract

Nanotechnology has emerged as a prominent multidisciplinary field with wide-ranging applications across scientific and industrial sectors. While several nanoparticle synthesis methods—such as laser ablation, mechanical milling, spinning, and chemical deposition—are well established, they often face limitations due to high costs, the use of hazardous chemicals, and challenges in continuous production. This has led to a growing interest in sustainable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly synthesis approaches. Green synthesis has gained considerable attention as a reliable and eco-conscious alternative for producing various nanoparticles. In this approach, plant-derived secondary metabolites—such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and terpenoids—serve as natural reducing and stabilizing agents during nanoparticle formation. Although many studies have demonstrated the biological activities of biosynthesized nanoparticles, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and catalytic properties, few have systematically compared them with chemically synthesized counterparts. This review focuses on the biosynthesis mechanisms of metal nanoparticles using Morus alba and Ficus benghalensis extracts, along with their characterization using advanced analytical techniques. Additionally, the potential applications of these nanoparticles in therapeutics, industrial catalysis, and environmental remediation are explored.